The Rhône

From the Mediterranean Sea to Central France, the Rhone river and its basin have been of great importance since before the Roman occupation of Gaul. Through the river, the Mediterranean Sea is naturally connected to the Loire, the Rhine, the Seine, and the Saone rivers. Men have also developed the river and its connections to other waterways. In the 19^th century, the Rhone-Sète canal improved the network of the Rhone by creating a junction with the Aquitaine waterways like the Midi canal and the Garonne. Thus, the Rhone is a crossroad, key to European and Mediterranean commerce. The Romans wrote that great ships were transporting goods to and from the Mediterranean. The river has been essential to the regions it crosses. Lyon was built on the banks of the Rhone on purpose and its location helped the city become an important trading centre. Historians noted the diversity of goods transiting on the river in the 15^th century: iron, salt, silk, cereals, diverse species of fish including the prized anchovies, and many varieties of fruits and vegetables depending on the seasons. If commercial traffic was already considerable from the Ancient Era to the early 19^th century, navigation was difficult, partly because of the tricky and hazardous river. The Rhone has an infamous historical record of massive floods, with those of 1840, 1853, and 2003 considered among the most destructive. In 1823, the Rhone welcomed its first steamboat, inaugurating a new era of faster and easier navigation However, except for small and independent improvements made by local populations living near and off the river, the Rhone had not undergone any major work of development or canalisation. This changed by the end of the 19^th century.

Upstream of Lyon, the Upper Rhone is only partially canalized and developed for leisure navigation. In 1894, an 18 kilometres long canal was built between Vaulx-en-Velin and Jons (North-East of Lyon). Known as the canal de Jonage, it was constructed to ensure the supply of water to the Cusset hydroelectric power plant. They both opened in 1899. Farther upstream, the Rhone is composed of small isolated sections rendering leisure cruising impractical. However, navigation is possible on the 80 kilometres separating Brégnier-Cordon, in the Ain department, and Seyssel in Savoy. There, the river cuts into a green and mountainous landscape announcing its proximity to the Alps. At Chanaz, there is a junction with the little Savières canal leading to Lake Bourget, France's deepest and largest natural lake. The village of Seyssel is equipped to welcome leisure boats. Seyssel is known for the Sisselande type of boats specifically built for navigation on the Rhone from the Middle Ages to the early 20^th century.

The 310 kilometres from the confluence with the Saone in Lyon to the Mediterranean Sea is fully adapted for navigation. There were many discussions and small works during the 19^th century, but the proper development and extensive canalization of the Rhone began in the 1930s under the supervision of the Rhone National Company. Several small lateral and derivation canals allow safe and pleasant navigation where the river is otherwise difficult to tame. One of them, known as the Donzère-Mondragon canal, enables crossing a dam of the same name. Located in Bollène, this canal has a 23 metres deep lock, the deepest in the country.

As the river makes its way towards the coast from Lyon, it crosses a wide variety of landscapes and beautiful cities and towns. Valence, in the Drôme department, has a rich cultural heritage. Founded more than 2,000 years ago, the city boasts many churches, museums, and private mansions. After a tiring day of visiting the old city centre, Valence offers many local specialities inherited from centuries of traditions that will please everyone: wines, the unique Drôme raviole and caillette, and truffles. Further South, in the heart of the Rhone Valley, the river reaches Montélimar. A small city, Montélimar has no less than a dozen of listed monuments, and many more sights and buildings of interest from the 12th-century Adhémar castle to the European Museum of Fighter Aircrafts. Foodies will love to know they are in the French capital city of the Nougat confection. Avignon stands on the path of the Rhone as the sea gets closer and closer. Once the seat of the Avignon Papacy during the 14^th century, it is one of the most beautiful French cities. Its historic centre comprises a cathedral, the old Papal Palace, a famous half-bridge and the entirety of the old city walls. No wonder Avignon is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site!

As the river flows through the Camargue Natural Park, it reaches Fourques and Arles, two cities that are next to each other. This is where the Rhone splits into two branches. The main one continues its way towards the Mediterranean Sea. At the beginning of the Rhone delta, Arles is well worth a visit. Nicknamed “the little Rome of Gaul”, it was once a great commercial, then religious centre. Of its numerous monuments, the Arena has become a symbol of Arles’ rich cultural heritage. The second branch called the Petit Rhône, runs through the West Camargue before reaching the sea at Les-Saintes-Maries. Covering over 900 square kilometres, this natural park is renowned for its beauty and rich fauna and flora. There are more than 400 hundred species of birds living in the Camargue, including hawks and pink flamingos. This is also where the only “cowboys” of Europe live, as they train the indigenous breed of white horses and watch over the black Camargue bulls.

References

• Aubert, Jean (1939), « Historique de la navigation sur le Haut-Rhône français » in Géocarrefour, n°15, pp. 181-90.
• Denel, F. (1970), « La navigation sur le Rhône au XVe siècle d’après les registres de péage de Baix », in Annales du Midi, n°82-98, pp. 287-299.
• Kirchner, Robert (1947), « Le Rhône voie navigable » in Géocarrefour, n°22, pp. 151-54.
• Provansal, Mireille, et al. (1999), « Le régime du Rhône dans l’Antiquité et au Haut Moyen Âge », in Gallia, n°56, p. 13-32.
• (s.d.), « Rivière Rhône » in Projet Babel [Online]